Official topics · annotated

Medical University of Lodz Syllabus 2027: Topic Checklist, Annotated

All 103 topics of Medical University of Lodz's official topic list, in its own words, each with what to know, the IvyTest lessons that teach it and the questions of our free oral practice page that test it. Tick a topic off when you have it; your ticks stay in this browser.

Based on "Range of knowledge required: topics to prepare for the entrance exam / interview", dated March 2025, the list Medical University of Lodz's entrance-exam page still links (checked 17 October 2026). The official wording is quoted as printed; the notes and links are IvyTest's.

Before you start

How to use this list

This is the list MUL's exam page calls the Range of Knowledge, for the 6MD and 5DMD entrance exam. You sit only the two sciences you chose when you registered, so tick off those two, plus the socio-medical and motivation topics, which every candidate is asked about. MUL names a textbook for each science: Campbell Biology (12th edition or newer), Timberlake's Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (13th edition or newer), Giancoli's Physics: Principles with Applications (7th edition) and Greenwell, Ritchey and Lial's Calculus for the Life Sciences; the Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics lists follow their chapters. The exam is oral, so when a topic is ticked, check that you can explain it aloud, in order, in two or three minutes.

The lessons are part of the Medical University of Lodz Complete Admissions System and open for students who have it; a lesson marked "members" links to the Medical University of Lodz guide, which says what it includes.

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43 topics

Biology

  1. Macromolecules and Enzymes

    What to know: Monomers and the bonds that join them (glycosidic, ester, peptide, phosphodiester), condensation and hydrolysis; mono-, di- and polysaccharides; triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids; the levels of protein structure; DNA and RNA nucleotides.

    Lesson (members): CarbohydratesLesson (members): Lipids & biological membranesLesson (members): Proteins & enzymesLesson (members): Nucleic acids & nucleotides

  2. Macromolecules and Enzymes

    What to know: Anabolism and catabolism; the first and second laws of thermodynamics; exergonic and endergonic reactions and free energy (ΔG); ATP's structure, how its hydrolysis is coupled to work and how it is regenerated.

    Lesson (members): ATP, redox & energy coupling

  3. Macromolecules and Enzymes

    What to know: Enzymes lower the activation energy without changing ΔG; the active site and substrate specificity (induced fit); effects of temperature, pH and concentration; competitive and non-competitive inhibition; cofactors and coenzymes.

    Lesson (members): Proteins & enzymesPractice question 6

  4. Cell Structure and Organelles

    What to know: No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; a circular chromosome in the nucleoid, plasmids, 70S ribosomes, a peptidoglycan cell wall, capsule, pili and flagella; size and division by binary fission.

    Lesson (members): Cell structure & organellesPractice question 1

  5. Cell Structure and Organelles

    What to know: Nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, 80S ribosomes, cytoskeleton; animal against plant cells (cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole); the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

    Lesson (members): Cell structure & organelles

  6. Cell Structure and Organelles

    What to know: The fluid mosaic model: phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol, glycocalyx; diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport (the Na+/K+ pump), endocytosis and exocytosis.

    Lesson (members): Cell membranes & membrane transport

  7. Cell Structure and Organelles

    What to know: Double membranes, cristae and matrix, thylakoids and stroma; their own DNA and ribosomes; mitochondria as the site of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, chloroplasts of photosynthesis.

    Lesson (members): Cell structure & organellesLesson (members): Photosynthesis

  8. Cell Structure and Organelles

    What to know: The nuclear envelope and pores, chromatin; the nucleolus making ribosomal RNA and assembling ribosome subunits; the rough ER making and folding secreted and membrane proteins.

    Lesson (members): Cell structure & organelles

  9. Cell Structure and Organelles

    What to know: Free and bound ribosomes; the Golgi modifying, sorting and packaging proteins (glycosylation, vesicles, lysosomes); microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules, cilia, flagella and the spindle.

    Lesson (members): Cell structure & organellesPractice question 1

  10. Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle

    What to know: Tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions; membrane receptors (G-protein-coupled, tyrosine kinase, ion channel) and intracellular receptors for steroids; second messengers such as cAMP and Ca2+, and amplification.

    Lesson (members): Cell signalling & receptors

  11. Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle

    What to know: Interphase (G1, S, G2) and checkpoints; the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis; meiosis I and II, crossing over and independent assortment; how the two differ in purpose and product.

    Lesson (members): Cell cycle & mitosisLesson (members): Meiosis & gametogenesisPractice question 3

  12. Metabolism and Cellular Respiration

    What to know: How carbohydrates, fats and proteins are broken down to common intermediates (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, acetyl-CoA) and finally to CO2, water and urea, and how anabolism builds them up using ATP and NADPH.

    Lesson (members): ATP, redox & energy couplingLesson (members): Glycolysis & cellular respiration

  13. Metabolism and Cellular Respiration

    What to know: Glucose to two pyruvate in the cytoplasm, net 2 ATP and 2 NADH; pyruvate to acetyl-CoA with oxygen, or to lactate without; links to glycogen, gluconeogenesis and fat synthesis.

    Lesson (members): Glycolysis & cellular respirationPractice question 8

  14. Metabolism and Cellular Respiration

    What to know: Acetyl-CoA joins oxaloacetate to form citrate in the mitochondrial matrix; per turn 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP (GTP) and 2 CO2; its intermediates as the meeting point of carbohydrate, fat and amino-acid metabolism.

    Lesson (members): Glycolysis & cellular respiration

  15. Metabolism and Cellular Respiration

    What to know: NADH and FADH2 pass electrons along the inner-membrane chain to oxygen, pumping protons; the proton gradient drives ATP synthase (chemiosmosis); about 30-32 ATP per glucose, most from this stage.

    Lesson (members): ATP, redox & energy couplingLesson (members): Glycolysis & cellular respiration

  16. Metabolism and Cellular Respiration

    What to know: Beta-oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA; ketone bodies; deamination and transamination of amino acids, the urea cycle in the liver; how their carbon skeletons enter the Krebs cycle.

    Lesson (members): Glycolysis & cellular respiration

  17. Genetics and Molecular Biology

    What to know: Genes and alleles, dominant and recessive, genotype and phenotype; Mendel's pea crosses and his laws of segregation and independent assortment; monohybrid and dihybrid ratios (3:1, 9:3:3:1); test crosses.

    Lesson (members): Mendelian genetics

  18. Genetics and Molecular Biology

    What to know: Chromosomes and karyotype; X-linked inheritance (haemophilia, colour blindness); linked genes and recombination frequency; autosomal dominant and recessive patterns in pedigrees.

    Lesson (members): Mendelian geneticsLesson (members): Non-Mendelian & human geneticsPractice question 2

  19. Genetics and Molecular Biology

    What to know: The double helix: antiparallel strands, complementary base pairing, hydrogen bonds; semi-conservative replication and its enzymes; chromatin, histones and chromosomes.

    Lesson (members): Nucleic acids & nucleotides

  20. Genetics and Molecular Biology

    What to know: Single-stranded, ribose and uracil; mRNA, tRNA and rRNA and their roles; processing of eukaryotic mRNA (cap, poly-A tail, splicing of introns).

    Lesson (members): Nucleic acids & nucleotidesLesson (members): Transcription, RNA & translation

  21. Genetics and Molecular Biology

    What to know: Transcription by RNA polymerase from promoter to terminator; the genetic code (triplet codons, start and stop, degenerate); translation on the ribosome: initiation, elongation, termination, and the role of tRNA anticodons.

    Lesson (members): Transcription, RNA & translation

  22. Genetics and Molecular Biology

    What to know: The lac and trp operons; in eukaryotes, chromatin structure, transcription factors and enhancers, alternative splicing, and regulation after transcription.

    Lesson (members): Gene regulation, mutations & biotechnology

  23. Genetics and Molecular Biology

    What to know: Point mutations (silent, missense, nonsense) and frameshifts; deletions, duplications, inversions and translocations; non-disjunction and aneuploidy (trisomy 21); mutations in cancer and as the source of variation.

    Lesson (members): Gene regulation, mutations & biotechnologyPractice question 4

  24. Genetics and Molecular Biology

    What to know: Restriction enzymes, ligase and vectors; PCR and gel electrophoresis; DNA sequencing; cloning and transgenic organisms; medical uses such as recombinant insulin and gene therapy.

    Lesson (members): Gene regulation, mutations & biotechnology

  25. Human Anatomy and Physiology

    What to know: Functions (support, protection, movement, blood-cell formation, mineral store); compact and spongy bone, osteons, osteoblasts and osteoclasts; long, short, flat and irregular bones; the three classes of joint and the structure of a synovial joint.

    Lesson (members): Skeletal system, bones & joints

  26. Human Anatomy and Physiology

    What to know: The sarcomere, actin and myosin; the sliding filament mechanism, the role of Ca2+, troponin and tropomyosin, and ATP; the neuromuscular junction; how skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle differ.

    Lesson (members): Muscular system

  27. Human Anatomy and Physiology

    What to know: Epidermis (keratinocytes, melanocytes), dermis and hypodermis; protection, temperature regulation, sensation and vitamin D synthesis; hair, nails and the three kinds of gland.

    Lesson (members): Integumentary system

  28. Human Anatomy and Physiology

    What to know: CNS and PNS, somatic and autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic); the brain's main parts and the spinal cord; neurons, glia, the resting and action potential; electrical and chemical synapses and neurotransmitters; the blood-brain barrier.

    Lesson (members): Nervous system & sensory physiology

  29. Human Anatomy and Physiology

    What to know: The eye (cornea, lens, retina, rods and cones) and accommodation; the ear (cochlea for hearing, vestibular system for balance); taste and smell receptors; classes of receptor (mechano-, chemo-, photo-, thermo-, nociceptors).

    Lesson (members): Nervous system & sensory physiology

  30. Human Anatomy and Physiology

    What to know: Nose to alveoli; ventilation by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles; gas exchange by diffusion in the lungs and the tissues; haemoglobin, the oxygen dissociation curve and the Bohr effect; CO2 transport.

    Lesson (members): Respiratory system & gas exchange

  31. Human Anatomy and Physiology

    What to know: The double circulation; the four chambers, valves and the conduction system (SA node, AV node); the cardiac cycle; arteries, capillaries and veins compared by wall, pressure and valves.

    Lesson (members): Cardiovascular system & bloodPractice question 5

  32. Human Anatomy and Physiology

    What to know: Plasma and formed elements; erythrocytes, the five kinds of leucocyte and platelets; transport, defence and regulation; the clotting cascade from platelet plug to fibrin; blood groups.

    Lesson (members): Cardiovascular system & blood

  33. Human Anatomy and Physiology

    What to know: Primary and secondary lymphoid organs; innate defence (barriers, phagocytes, inflammation) and adaptive immunity (B cells and antibodies, T helper and cytotoxic T cells); antibody structure; memory, vaccination and allergy.

    Lesson (members): Innate & adaptive immunityLesson (members): Infection, vaccination & host defence

  34. Human Anatomy and Physiology

    What to know: Peptide hormones act on membrane receptors, steroid and thyroid hormones inside the cell; negative and positive feedback; the hypothalamus and pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas and gonads; hormones from the heart, kidney and gut.

    Lesson (members): Endocrine system & hormones

  35. Human Anatomy and Physiology

    What to know: Mouth to anus; amylase, pepsin, trypsin, lipase and the brush-border enzymes; absorption in the small intestine (villi); bile from the liver stored in the gallbladder; the pancreas's exocrine and endocrine roles.

    Lesson (members): Digestive system & nutrition

  36. Human Anatomy and Physiology

    What to know: Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra; the nephron, filtration, reabsorption and secretion; ADH and aldosterone; the differences between the female and male urethra; the normal composition of urine.

    Lesson (members): Urinary system, kidney & osmoregulationPractice question 7

  37. Human Anatomy and Physiology

    What to know: Testes and ducts, ovaries, uterus and tubes; spermatogenesis and oogenesis; the follicular and luteal phases and the roles of FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone; fertilisation.

    Lesson (members): Reproductive system & human developmentLesson (members): Meiosis & gametogenesis

  38. Microbiology

    What to know: Nucleic acid in a capsid, sometimes an envelope; the lytic and lysogenic cycles; retroviruses and reverse transcriptase; viroids and prions; examples such as influenza, HIV and SARS-CoV-2, how they spread and why they target certain tissues.

    Lesson (members): Bacteria, viruses & microorganismsLesson (members): Infection, vaccination & host defence

  39. Microbiology

    What to know: Cocci, bacilli, spirilla, vibrios and spirochaetes; Gram-positive against Gram-negative walls; flagella and pili; the growth curve; plasmids and antibiotic resistance; the gut microbiota and pathogens.

    Lesson (members): Bacteria, viruses & microorganisms

  40. Microbiology

    What to know: Yeasts and moulds, hyphae and mycelium, chitin walls; sexual and asexual spores; infections such as candidiasis; decomposers and symbionts (mycorrhizae, lichens).

    Lesson (members): Bacteria, viruses & microorganisms

  41. Microbiology

    What to know: Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi; examples: amoeba, Paramecium, algae, Plasmodium (malaria); their place in food chains and as producers of oxygen.

    Lesson (members): Bacteria, viruses & microorganisms

  42. Ecology and Evolution

    What to know: Every term in the list, defined with an example; energy flow and the 10% rule between trophic levels; population growth curves and carrying capacity; the three kinds of symbiosis.

    Lesson (members): Ecology, populations & ecosystems

  43. Ecology and Evolution

    What to know: Natural selection and adaptation; the Hardy-Weinberg equation (p² + 2pq + q² = 1) and its conditions; drift, gene flow and mutation; speciation; human evolution; reading a phylogenetic tree.

    Lesson (members): Evolution & natural selectionLesson (members): Biodiversity & classification

17 topics

Chemistry

  1. Measurement, Matter and Energy

    What to know: SI units and prefixes, significant figures and scientific notation, unit conversion; density = mass ÷ volume.

    Lesson (members): Measurement, quantities & the mole

  2. Measurement, Matter and Energy

    What to know: Elements, compounds and mixtures; the states of matter; Celsius and kelvin; heat and specific heat (q = mcΔT); melting, boiling and the energy of changes of state.

    Lesson (members): Measurement, quantities & the mole

  3. Atoms, Elements and Nuclear Chemistry

    What to know: Protons, neutrons and electrons; atomic and mass number; isotopes and relative atomic mass; groups and periods; electron shells and configuration.

    Lesson (members): Atomic structure & electronic configurationLesson (members): Periodic table & periodic trends

  4. Atoms, Elements and Nuclear Chemistry

    What to know: Alpha, beta and gamma radiation and balanced nuclear equations; units of radiation; half-life calculations; fission and fusion; radioisotopes in medicine.

    Lesson (members): Atomic structure & electronic configurationPractice question 14

  5. Ionic and Molecular Compounds

    What to know: Ionic and covalent bonding, naming and writing formulas; common polyatomic ions; electronegativity and polar bonds; VSEPR shapes and molecular polarity; hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole and dispersion forces.

    Lesson (members): Periodic table & periodic trendsPractice question 10

  6. Chemical Quantities and Reactions

    What to know: Avogadro's number, molar mass and mole calculations; balancing equations; reaction types; oxidation and reduction as electron transfer; stoichiometry; exothermic and endothermic reactions.

    Lesson (members): Measurement, quantities & the moleLesson (members): Redox & electrochemistryPractice question 13Practice question 16

  7. Gases and Solutions

    What to know: Pressure, volume, temperature and amount; each law with its constant; the combined and ideal gas laws (PV = nRT); partial pressures, as in alveolar air.

    Lesson (members): States of matter & gas lawsPractice question 12

  8. Gases and Solutions

    What to know: Solute and solvent, like dissolves like; strong, weak and non-electrolytes; mass percent and molarity; dilution (C1V1 = C2V2); osmosis and osmotic pressure, isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions.

    Lesson (members): Solutions, solubility & concentration

  9. Acids, Bases and Equilibrium

    What to know: Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry definitions, conjugate pairs; strong and weak acids, Ka; Kw = 10^-14 and pH = -log[H+]; neutralisation; buffers and the blood's bicarbonate buffer.

    Lesson (members): Acids, bases, pH & buffersPractice question 9Practice question 15

  10. Organic Chemistry and Functional Groups

    What to know: Carbon's four bonds; naming alkanes, alkenes and alkynes; structural formulas; cis-trans isomerism; benzene and aromatic compounds.

    Lesson (members): Organic chemistry foundations & nomenclatureLesson (members): Hydrocarbons & aromatic compoundsLesson (members): Isomerism & stereochemistry

  11. Organic Chemistry and Functional Groups

    What to know: Recognising and naming each functional group; primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes, ketones and acids; reduction back; thiols and disulfides.

    Lesson (members): Alcohols, phenols, ethers & thiolsLesson (members): Aldehydes & ketones

  12. Biomolecules

    What to know: Aldoses and ketoses; chirality, D and L; Fischer and Haworth structures, alpha and beta anomers; reducing sugars; glycosidic bonds in maltose, lactose and sucrose; starch, glycogen and cellulose.

    Lesson (members): Isomerism & stereochemistryLesson (members): Biomolecules & biochemical chemistry

  13. Organic Chemistry and Functional Groups

    What to know: Naming and properties of carboxylic acids; esterification and ester hydrolysis (saponification); amines as bases; amides and the peptide bond.

    Lesson (members): Carboxylic acids & derivativesLesson (members): Amines & nitrogen compounds

  14. Biomolecules

    What to know: Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids; triacylglycerols as esters of glycerol; phospholipids as amphipathic molecules; cholesterol, bile salts and steroid hormones; the lipid bilayer.

    Lesson (members): Biomolecules & biochemical chemistry

  15. Biomolecules

    What to know: The general amino acid and zwitterions; the peptide bond; the four levels of structure and their bonds; denaturation; how enzymes work and what affects their activity.

    Lesson (members): Biomolecules & biochemical chemistryLesson (members): Acids, bases, pH & buffersPractice question 11

  16. Biomolecules

    What to know: Bases, sugars and phosphate; nucleosides and nucleotides; the phosphodiester backbone; base pairing and the double helix; transcription, the genetic code and translation; mutations; viruses as nucleic acid and protein.

    Lesson (members): Biomolecules & biochemical chemistry

  17. Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production

    What to know: ATP and the coenzymes NAD+, FAD and coenzyme A; glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain as one sequence; beta-oxidation of fatty acids; transamination, deamination and the urea cycle.

    Lesson (members): Biomolecules & biochemical chemistry

25 topics

Physics

  1. Measurement and Kinematics

    What to know: SI base units and prefixes, converting between units, significant figures, orders of magnitude and dimensional analysis.

    Lesson (members): Measurement, units, scalars & vectors

  2. Measurement and Kinematics

    What to know: Displacement, velocity and acceleration; the equations of uniformly accelerated motion; free fall with g ≈ 9.8 m/s²; reading position-time and velocity-time graphs.

    Lesson (members): KinematicsPractice question 17

  3. Measurement and Kinematics

    What to know: Adding and resolving vectors into components; projectile motion, with independent horizontal and vertical motion; relative velocity.

    Lesson (members): Measurement, units, scalars & vectorsLesson (members): Kinematics

  4. Dynamics, Gravitation and Circular Motion

    What to know: The three laws; F = ma with the resultant force; weight, normal force, tension and friction; free-body diagrams.

    Lesson (members): Forces & Newtonian dynamicsPractice question 19

  5. Dynamics, Gravitation and Circular Motion

    What to know: Centripetal acceleration v²/r and the force that provides it; Newton's law of gravitation; g at the Earth's surface; satellites and orbits.

    Lesson (members): Forces & Newtonian dynamicsLesson (members): Statics, equilibrium & gravitation

  6. Work, Energy and Momentum

    What to know: Work = force × displacement; kinetic energy ½mv² and potential energy mgh; conservation of energy; power and efficiency.

    Lesson (members): Work, energy & powerPractice question 21

  7. Work, Energy and Momentum

    What to know: Momentum p = mv and impulse FΔt; conservation of momentum; elastic and inelastic collisions.

    Lesson (members): Momentum, impulse & collisions

  8. Rotational Motion and Equilibrium

    What to know: Angular displacement, velocity and acceleration; torque; moment of inertia; rotational kinetic energy; angular momentum and its conservation.

    Lesson (members): KinematicsLesson (members): Forces & Newtonian dynamicsLesson (members): Work, energy & power

  9. Rotational Motion and Equilibrium

    What to know: The two conditions for equilibrium (no resultant force, no resultant torque); levers in the body; stress, strain and Young's modulus; fracture.

    Lesson (members): Statics, equilibrium & gravitationLesson (members): Solids, elasticity & material properties

  10. Fluids, Heat and Thermodynamics

    What to know: Density and pressure, p = ρgh; Pascal's and Archimedes' principles; continuity and Bernoulli's equation; viscosity; blood pressure as an example.

    Lesson (members): Fluid statics & dynamics

  11. Oscillation, Waves and Sound

    What to know: Simple harmonic motion, the pendulum and the spring; amplitude, period and frequency; transverse and longitudinal waves, v = fλ; interference and standing waves.

    Lesson (members): Oscillations, waves & sound

  12. Oscillation, Waves and Sound

    What to know: Sound as a longitudinal wave and its speed; intensity and decibels; pitch and frequency; the Doppler effect; ultrasound in medicine.

    Lesson (members): Oscillations, waves & soundPractice question 23

  13. Fluids, Heat and Thermodynamics

    What to know: Temperature scales; thermal expansion; the ideal gas law; the kinetic theory: average kinetic energy proportional to absolute temperature.

    Lesson (members): Gases & molecular physics

  14. Fluids, Heat and Thermodynamics

    What to know: Heat as energy transferred; specific heat and latent heat; calorimetry; conduction, convection and radiation.

    Lesson (members): Heat & thermodynamicsPractice question 20

  15. Fluids, Heat and Thermodynamics

    What to know: The first law (ΔU = Q - W); isothermal and adiabatic processes; the second law, entropy and the efficiency of heat engines.

    Lesson (members): Heat & thermodynamics

  16. Electric Charge, Potential and DC Circuits

    What to know: Conductors and insulators; Coulomb's law; electric field strength and field lines.

    Lesson (members): Electrostatics & electric fields

  17. Electric Charge, Potential and DC Circuits

    What to know: Potential and potential difference (volts); equipotentials; capacitance and the energy stored in a capacitor.

    Lesson (members): Electrostatics & electric fields

  18. Electric Charge, Potential and DC Circuits

    What to know: Current as the flow of charge; Ohm's law; resistance and resistivity; electrical power P = VI.

    Lesson (members): Current, circuits & electrical powerPractice question 24

  19. Electric Charge, Potential and DC Circuits

    What to know: Resistors in series and parallel; EMF and internal resistance; Kirchhoff's rules; RC circuits.

    Lesson (members): Current, circuits & electrical powerPractice question 18Practice question 24

  20. Magnetism and Electromagnetic Waves

    What to know: Magnetic fields from magnets and currents; the force on a current-carrying wire and on a moving charge; the motor effect.

    Lesson (members): Magnetism & electromagnetism

  21. Magnetism and Electromagnetic Waves

    What to know: Magnetic flux; Faraday's and Lenz's laws; generators and transformers.

    Lesson (members): Magnetism & electromagnetism

  22. Magnetism and Electromagnetic Waves

    What to know: The electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays; c = fλ, about 3 × 10^8 m/s; uses in medicine (X-rays, infrared, MRI's radio waves).

    Lesson (members): Oscillations, waves & soundLesson (members): Magnetism & electromagnetism

  23. Optics and the Nature of Light

    What to know: Reflection and plane and curved mirrors; refraction, Snell's law and total internal reflection (fibre optics, endoscopes); thin lenses and ray diagrams.

    Lesson (members): Geometrical & physical optics

  24. Optics and the Nature of Light

    What to know: Huygens' principle; interference in Young's double-slit experiment; diffraction and diffraction gratings; polarisation.

    Lesson (members): Oscillations, waves & soundLesson (members): Geometrical & physical optics

  25. Optics and the Nature of Light

    What to know: The lens equation and magnification; optical power in dioptres; the eye, short and long sight and their correction; the magnifier and the microscope.

    Lesson (members): Geometrical & physical opticsPractice question 22

8 topics

Mathematics

  1. Algebra and Expressions

    What to know: Expanding and factorising, simplifying rational expressions, solving linear and quadratic equations and inequalities, the laws of exponents and radicals.

    Lesson (members): Algebraic expressions & equationsLesson (members): Powers, roots, exponentials & logarithmsLesson (members): Polynomials & quadraticsPractice question 32

  2. Functions and Graphs

    What to know: Domain and range, composition; slope and equation of a line; the least squares line; the vertex and roots of a parabola; translating and reflecting graphs; asymptotes of rational functions.

    Lesson (members): Functions & graphsLesson (members): Polynomials & quadratics

  3. Exponentials, Logarithms and Trigonometry

    What to know: Exponential growth and decay (doubling and half-life), e and ln; the laws of logarithms and solving exponential equations; sine, cosine and tangent, radians and the unit circle.

    Lesson (members): Powers, roots, exponentials & logarithmsLesson (members): Functions & graphsLesson (members): TrigonometryPractice question 26Practice question 28

  4. Limits and the Derivative

    What to know: Evaluating limits; continuity; average and instantaneous rate of change; the derivative as the limit of the difference quotient and as a gradient; sketching f' from f.

    Lesson (members): Limits & differential calculusPractice question 27

  5. Limits and the Derivative

    What to know: The power, product, quotient and chain rules; where a function increases and decreases; stationary points and the first and second derivative tests; absolute extrema on an interval.

    Lesson (members): Limits & differential calculusPractice question 25Practice question 27

  6. Integration

    What to know: Antiderivatives of the standard functions; definite integrals and the area under a curve; integration by substitution and by parts.

    Lesson (members): Integral calculusPractice question 30

  7. Multivariable Calculus

    What to know: Functions of two variables; partial derivatives; finding and classifying critical points; the total differential for approximating a change.

    Lesson (members): Limits & differential calculus

  8. Probability and Random Variables

    What to know: Sets and Venn diagrams; the addition and multiplication rules; conditional probability and Bayes' theorem; independence; expected value and variance.

    Lesson (members): Sets, number systems & intervalsLesson (members): ProbabilityLesson (members): Statistics & data interpretationPractice question 29Practice question 31

5 topics

Socio-medical topics

  1. Treatment and Prevention

    What to know: Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention with an example of each (vaccination, screening, rehabilitation); when treatment cannot be replaced; your own reasoned view.

    Practice question 33

  2. Lifestyle and Environmental Risk Factors

    What to know: Smoking, alcohol, diet, inactivity, air pollution; the diseases they cause; what individuals, doctors and society can do.

    Practice question 34

  3. Challenges in the Medical Field

    What to know: An ageing population, antimicrobial resistance, staff shortages, cost, technology and AI; pick one you can discuss with an example.

    Practice question 35

  4. Donation, Vaccination and Alternative Medicine

    What to know: Opt-in and opt-out donation and consent; herd immunity and vaccine hesitancy; what volunteering teaches; evidence for and against alternative medicine.

    Practice question 36Practice question 37Practice question 38

  5. Global and Local Health Problems

    What to know: One problem (for example antimicrobial resistance or obesity) seen worldwide and where you live, with what helps at each level.

    Practice question 39

5 topics

Motivations, interests and ethics

  1. Duties and Responsibilities of Doctors

    What to know: Confidentiality, informed consent, honesty, teamwork, lifelong learning; what each looks like in practice.

    Practice question 42

  2. The Student Code of Ethics

    What to know: Why MUL, specifically; and the Student Code of Ethics, three pages: honesty in exams (§5.1), respect and tolerance (§3, §4), the University's image (§6) and the sanctions (§7). One of the 12 questions is on the Code.

    Practice question 40Practice question 41Practice question 45Practice question 46Practice question 47Practice question 48Practice question 49

  3. Lifestyle Factors Affecting Health

    What to know: Your own habits (sleep, exercise, diet, stress) and why a doctor's own health matters to the advice they give.

  4. Studying and Living Abroad

    What to know: What will be hard in Poland, what you have already managed away from home, and how you will adapt, including learning Polish.

    Practice question 43

  5. Hobbies, Interests and Future Plans

    What to know: One interest in depth and what it shows about you; where you see yourself after the degree.

    Practice question 44

Next step

Test yourself on the list

The free oral practice page has 49 questions with model answers and outlines, and a timed mock in the exam's own format. The Medical University of Lodz Entrance Exam guide has the format, dates and scoring in full.